AG娱乐网

LISHIXUESHIFOUSHIKEXUEDEWENTI，ZAIXIFANGYITAOLUNLELIANGBAIDUONIAN，ZAIZHONGGUOYEZHENGLUNLEJIANGJINYIGESHIJI。JINDAI，YOUYUZIRANKEXUEDEXUNSUFAZHAN，XIFANGSHIXUEJIATICHU，RUGUOCAIYONGSHIDANGDEFANGFAQUYANJIULISHI，JIUYOUXIWANGDEDAOKEXUEDEJIEGUO。ERSHISHIJICHU，ZHONGGUOXINSHIXUEXINGQI。SHIXUEJIAMENDALIANGYINJINXIFANGDESHIXUELILUN，GUANYULISHIXUEYUZIRANKEXUEDEGUANXI、LISHIXUENENGFOUCHENGWEIKEXUEDEWENTIYEYINQISHIXUEJIEDEJIDAXINGQU。YOURENRENWEILISHIXUESHIYIMENKEXUE，HUOKEYICHENGWEIYIMENKEXUE。YOURENRENWEILISHIXUEBUSHIKEXUE，ERSHIYISHUHUOQITAXUEWEN。HAIYOURENRENWEILISHIXUEJISHIKEXUE，YESHIYISHU。MAKESIZHUYIXUEPAIQUERENLISHIXUESHIKEXUE。ZIMAKESIZHUYISHIXUEZHANTONGZHIDIWEIHOU，JIHUCONGWEIYOURENHUAIYIGUOLISHIXUEDEKEXUEXING，MAKESIZHUYISHIXUEYULISHIKEXUEJIUSHITONGYIYU。RANERZHEIBINGBUBIAOMING，LISHIXUESHIBUSHIKEXUEDEWENTIYIJINGJIEJUELE。ZI80NIANDAIQI，YOUBUSHAOXUEZHEDUILISHIXUEDEKEXUEXINGTICHUHUAIYI，ZHONGYOUXINGQIDUILISHIXUEXINGZHIDETAOLUN。LUNZHENGZHONGDEGUANDIANRENGBUWAISANZHONG，JIHUOSHIKEXUE，HUOSHIYISHUHUOQITADONGXI，HUOERZHEJIANYOUZHI，ZHISHITAOLUNSHEJIDAOLELISHIXUELILUNGENGSHENDECENGCI。

YI、 ZHUZHANGLISHIXUESHIKEXUEDEBUTONGMUDE

GUANYULISHIXUEXINGZHIDEYANJIUHEZHENGLUNYEXUYONGYUANBUHUIQUDETONGYIDEJIELUN，DANXUEZHEMENRENGLECIBUPIDIBUDUANTANLUNZHEIGENANJIEDEHUATI。YINWEIZHEIYIWENTIDETAOLUNYOUZHEBUTONGDESHIDAIHEWENHUABEIJING，BINGSHOUXUEZHEBUTONGDEMUDESUOQUDONG。

TANTAOLISHIXUEDEXINGZHIJIUJINGYOUHEYIYI？LISHIXUESHIBUSHIKEXUE，YURENMENDUISHISHIDERENSHIYOUDUODADEGUANXI？HEZHAOWUDUICIYOUTOUCHEDECHANSHU。TAZHICHU: “SHENMESHILISHI？SHENMESHILISHIXUE？LISHIZHISHIHELIJIEDEXINGZHISHISHENME？TANGRUOBUSHOUXIANRENZHENKAOLVBINGQUEQIEHUIDAZHEIXIEWENTI，JIUJINGZHIZHESHOUYANJIULISHI；NEIZHONGLISHIZHISHIJIUBIRANSHIMANGMUDEERYOUHUNLUANDE，YOURUMANGRENMOXIANG。NEIYANGDELISHIXUEJIULIANSUOWEI‘KEXUEDE’LISHIXUEDOUTANBUDAO，GENGHUANGLUN‘RENWENDE’LISHIXUELE。DANGDAIAGYULEWANGGUOSHIXUEJIEYOURENXIHUANCHITANZHONGGUOLISHIDETEDIANYIJIRENLEILISHIDEPUBIANGUILVZHILEI，ERDUIYUZUOWEIQIXIANJUETIAOJIANDE，JISHENMESHILISHIDEHELISHIXUEDEBENXINGHETEDIAN，QUEHAOBUCUOYI，ZHEIYOUZENMENENGGOUBALISHIXUEHELISHIRENSHIJIANLIZAIYIZHONGJIANQUANDEJICHUZHISHANGNI？”[①]

AG娱乐网HEZHAOWUDEJIANJIESHICONGLISHIRENSHILUNCHUFADE，WANQUANSHIXUESHUXINGDE。DEQUE，BULEJIELISHIXUEDEXINGZHI，JIUHENNANZHENZHENGBALISHIYANJIUGAOHAO。DANSHIZAIBUTONGSHIQI，RENMENDUIZHEIGEWENTIDETANTAOHAIYOUBUTONGDEBEIJINGHETEBIEDEMUDE。ZAOQIYIXIEXUEZHEJIANXINLISHIXUESHIKEXUE，DUOCHUYUXINYANGHECHONGBAI，YOUYUDUIKEXUEDEJINHUMANGMUDECHONGBAI，SUOYIXIWANGTONGGUOBALISHIXUESHUOCHENGSHIKEXUE，HUOJIANCHENGKEXUELAITIGAOLISHIXUEDEDIWEI。YINWEIKEXUEDEDIWEIZHIGAOWUSHANG，SUOYISHIFOUCHENGRENLISHIXUESHIKEXUE，JIUCHENGLELICHANGWENTI。“KEXUE”CHENGLEYIGEBIAOQIAN，KEYISUICHUSHIYONG。DANBEIDAISHANG“BUKEXUE”DEMAOZI，ZESHIHENWEIXIANDE，JINHUFANDONG。HUSHIGUANYUKEXUEDELUNSHUFANYINGLERENMENDUIKEXUEDEMANGMUCHONGBAI。TASHUO: “ZHEISANSHINIANLAI，YOUYIGEMINGCIZAIGUONEIJIHUZUODAOLEWUSHANGZUNYANDEDIWEI；WULUNDONGYUBUDONGDEREN，WULUNSHOUJIUHEWEIXINDEREN，DOUBUGANGONGRANDUITABIAOSHIQINGSHIHEXIWUDETAIDU。NEIGEMINGCIJIUSHI‘KEXUE’，ZHEIYANGJIHUQUANGUOYIZHIDECHONGXIN，JIUJINGYOUWUJIAZHI，NEISHILINGYIWENTI。AGYULEWANGZHISHAOKEYISHUO，ZICONGZHONGGUOJIANGBIANFAWEIXINYILAI，MEIYOUYIGEZIMINGWEIXINRENWUDERENGANGONGRANHUIBANG‘KEXUE’DE。”[②]DUIKEXUEDECHONGBAISHIXUEZHECHANSHENGLEYIZHONGXINNIAN: TAMENJIANXINLISHIXUESHIKEXUE，HUOJIANXINZIJIDEFANGFASHIKEXUEDE，ZHENGRULIANGQICHAOSUOSHUO，ZHISHIXIANGYAOTIGAOTAMENSUOAIDELISHIXUEDEDIWEI。ZHEICHENGWEISHIXUEJIANULIAGYULEWANGXINSHIXUEDEDONGLI。TAMENBAYANSUDETAIDU、YANGEDEFANGFACHENGZUOKEXUEDEJINGSHENHEFANGFA。

RENWEILISHIXUESHIYIMENKEXUEHAIYOUZHESHEHUI、ZHENGZHIDEYUANYIN。YOUYUKEXUEDUIZENGJIASHEHUICAIFUHEGAIZAOSHEHUIQIDAOLEJUDADEZUOYONG，ZAIDANGSHI，KEXUEJIUDAIBIAOJINBU，DAIBIAOZHEXIWANG。SUOYIXINSHIXUEJIACHONGSHANGKEXUE，BUJINSHIYAOBALISHIXUEJIANDEGENGHELI，HAIBIAODALELEZHONGGUORENYAOQIUGAIZAOLUOHOU、PINQIONGDEZHONGGUO，SHIZHONGGUOZOUSHANGFUQIANGZHILUDEMEIHAOYUANWANG。CHENFUCHENYU1904NIANBIANZHUDE《JINGSHIDAXUETANGZHONGGUOSHIJIANGYI》ZHONGDEDIYIPIAN《DUSHIZONGLUN》ZHONGZHICHULEZHENXINGLISHIXUEYUKEXUEDEGUANXI。TASHUO: “KEXUEBUXING，AGYULEWANGGUOWENMINGBIWUZENGJINZHIYIRI。ERYUXINGKEXUE，BIZIZHONGSHIXUESHI。”“WUSHIXUEZEYIQIEKEXUEBUNENGCHENG；WUYIQIEKEXUE，ZESHIXUEYIBUNENGLI。”[③]ZHENGYINWEIRUCI，RENWEILISHIXUESHIKEXUEDEGUANDIANJIAOZHANGSHIQILIZHANLESHANGFENG。ERRENWEILISHIXUESHIYISHUHUOQITAXUEWENDEXUEZHEDUOSHICONGXUESHUJIAODUKAOLVZHEIFANGMIANDEWENTI。

AG娱乐网MAKESIZHUXUEZHEJIANXINLISHIXUESHIKEXUE，ERQIERENWEIZHIYOUMAKESIZHUYISHIXUESHIKEXUEDE，ZHEIZAIHENDACHENGDUSHANGSHICHUYUYIZHONGDUIMAKESIZHUYIDEJUEDUICHONGBAIHEDUIQITAXUEPAIDEMANGMUPAICHI。YUSHIZAIZHEILIYECHANSHENGLELICHANGDEWENTI。HUAIYILISHIXUESHIKEXUEJIUYIWEIZHEWEIBEIHUOFANDUIMAKESIZHUYI。

ER、 DUILISHIXUEKEXUEXINGDEPANDUANBIAOZHUN

XUGUANSANDE《XINSHIXUEJIUSHINIAN》ZIXUZHICHU: “CONGXINHUILIANGSHIMENGLONGDE‘LISHIKEXUE’HE‘KEXUEDELISHI’GUANNIANQI，XINSHIXUEFAZHANDEZHULIUSHIZHONGZAI‘KEXUEHUA’。LILAIDEJUZI，MOBUYITIGAOLISHIXUEDE‘KEXUE’ZHISUWEIZHIZHI，JINGUAN‘KEXUEHUA’DENEIRONGHEZHUNZEHENGYINPAIBIEERYI，QIEYUSHIJUBIAN。JIUXINSHIXUEDEYUANZULIANGRENGONGYAN，‘KEXUEHUA’DEJIEJING，MORUOYINGEZHONGGONGLIGONGLIYIGUANCHABINGJIESHUOLISHI；ZHANGYUANZHIJI，ZEZAIKUOCHONGSHIXUEJIADEXIUYANGJIYUSHEHUIKEXUESHENZHIZIRANKEXUELINGYU，GULIBINGYINDAOLISHIYANJIUZHECAIYONGBAOKUOTONGJIFAZAINEIDEKEXUEFANGFA。”

AG娱乐网ZHUZHANGLISHIXUESHIKEXUEDEXUEZHEDUIKEXUEYOUBUTONGDELIJIE，YINERDUIHENGLIANGLISHIXUEDEKEXUEXINGYOUZHEBUTONGDEBIAOZHUN。YOUDEQIANGDIAOKEXUEJINGSHEN，YOUDEQIANGDIAOKEXUEFANGFA；YOUDEZHUZHONGRENSHIDUIXIANG: YISHIKEGUANXING、ZHENSHIXING，ERSHIFAXIANGUILV；HAIYOUDEQIANGDIAOJIEGUO。YIBANLAISHUO，SHILIAOXUEPAIQIANGDIAOKEXUEFANGFAHERENSHIDUIXIANGDEKEGUANXINGHEZHENSHIXING，ERYIXIESHIXUEJIAJIMAKESIZHUYIXUEPAIDUIRENSHIDUIXIANGDEYAOQIUZHUYAOSHI“LISHIFAZHANGUILV”。

AG娱乐网YINWEIZIRANKEXUEBEIRENWEISHIFAXIANGUILVDEXUEWEN，SUOYIFAXIANGUILVJIUCHENGWEILISHIXUEKEXUEXINGDEYIGEZHONGYAOTIAOJIAN。LIANGQICHAOZAISHANGSHIJICHUFAQI“SHIJIEGEMING”，YU1902NIANFABIAODE《XINSHIXUE》ZHONGFANFUQIANGDIAO，LISHIXUEYAOFAXIANRENLEIJINHUADE“GONGLIGONGLI”。DAO20NIANDAICHU，TAXIEZUODE《ZHONGGUOLISHIYANJIUFA》ZHONG，BUZAIZHUZHANGYANJIU“GONGLIGONGLI”，ERYAOTANXUNLISHIDEYINGUOLV，YINIANHOUDE1923NIAN，LIANGQICHAOYOUPAOQILEDUIYINGUOLVDEZHUIQIU，CONGERFOUDINGLELISHIXUEDEKEXUEXING。LIANGQICHAOSHUO: “YOUYUYINGUOLVSHIZIRANKEXUEDEMINGMAI，XUEZHEDUOYUZHENGMINGZIJISUOZHIXUEKEYEYOUYINGUOLVKEXUN，YICHENGWEIKEXUE。SHIXUEXIANGLAIBINGMEIYOUBEIRENWEIKEXUE，YUSHIZHISHIXUEDERENYINWEIXIANGLINGZIJISUOAIDEXUEWENQUDEKEXUEZIGE，BIANNULIYAOFAMINGSHIZHONGYINGUO。AGYULEWANGJIUSHIZHEILITOUDEYIGEREN。AGYULEWANGQUNIANZHUDE《ZHONGGUOLISHIYANJIUFA》NEIZHONGSUOXIALISHIDINGYI，BIANYOU“QIUDEQIYINGUOGUANXI”YIYU，XIANZAIDULEXIRENZHUZUO，ZAIJIASHANGZIJIDEYANJIU，“YIJINGFAJUEZHEIJUHUAWANQUANCUOLE。”[④]LIANGQICHAOZHICHU，YUZHOUJIANDESHIWUKEFENWEIZIRANLEIHEWENHUALEIXI。ZIRANXISHIYINGUOLVDELINGTU，WENHUAXISHIZIYOUYIZHIDELINGTU。LISHIWEIWENHUAXIANXIANGDEFUXIEPIN，HEBIBAZIRANKEXUESUOYONGDEGONGJUCHELAIZHUANGZIJIDEMENMIANNI。

YAOZHENGMINGLISHIXUESHIKEXUE，JIUDECHENGRENLISHIYOUGUILVYIJILISHIXUEKEYIFAXIANGUILV。ERYAOFOUDINGLISHIXUEDEKEXUEXING，DANGRANJIUDEFOUDINGZHEIYIDIAN。LIANGQICHAOQIANHOUGUANDIANDEBIANHUAZHENGSHUOMINGLEZHEIYIQINGXIANG。CHULELIANGQICHAOWAI，XIANGDANGDUODEXUEZHE，WULUNSHIMAKESIZHUYIXUEZHEHAISHIFEIMAKESIZHUYIXUEZHE，DOUYIZHENGMING“LISHIGUILV”LAIZUOWEILISHIXUEKEXUEXINGDEZHONGYAOTIAOJIAN。CAOZUOXIDE《SHIXUETONGLUN》（1909NIAN）ZHONGYOUYIJIEZHUANMENLUNSHULISHIXUENENGFOUCHENGWEIKEXUEDEWENTI。TARENWEI，LISHIXUEZHINENGCHENGWEIKEXUESHIMEIYOUYIWENDE。LISHIZHISUOYINENGCHENGWEI“KEXUE”，SHIYINWEIRENLEISHEHUIDEFAZHANYOU“YINGUOGUANXI”，YOU“GONGLI”KEQIU。WANGRONGBAOZAI《BENCHAOSHIJIANGYI》（1906NIAN）ZHONGZHICHU: “LISHIZHIYAOYI，ZAIYUGOUJIRENLEIZHICHENJI，YIFAXIANQIJINHUAZHICIDI，WULINGSHOUWEIXIANGGUAN，YINGUOBICHENG。JINLISHIDEJIANCHENGWEIKEXUEZHE，QIDAOYOUCI”，SHUOMINGLISHICHENGWEIKEXUEDEBIAOZHIJIUZAIYUNENGGOUFAXIANJINHUADEYINGUOLV。

WANGGUOWEIZAI《GUOXUECONGKAN》XUZHONGZHICHU，XUEWENYOUSANDALEI: KEXUE、SHIXUE、WENXUE，ZHEISANZHONGXUEWENSHIXIANGHUGUANLIANDE。“FANJISHUSHIWUERQIUQIYUANYIN，DINGQILIFAZHE，WEIZHIKEXUE；QIUSHIWUBIANQIANZHIJI，ERMINGQIYINGUOZHEWEIZHISHIXUE；ZHICHURUERZHEJIAN，ERJIANYOUWANWUSHIQINGZHIXIAOZHE，WEIZHIWENXUE。”[⑤]

MAKESIZHUYISHIXUEJIAYIZHIZHUZHANGLISHIXUESHIKEXUE，BINGQIERENWEIZHENGSHIMAKESIDEWEIWUSHIGUANFAXIANLELISHIGUILV，ERSHILISHIXUECHENGWEIKEXUE。LIDAZHAOZUIZAOTICHUMAKESISHILISHIXUECHENGWEIKEXUEDEGUANDIAN。DANSHI，TABINGMEIYOUBAMAKESIYIWAIDEXUEZHEPAICHIZAIKEXUEPAIZHIWAI。TAZAI1920NIANZHICHU: “HOUSHIKEXUERIJIN，SHIXUEJIEYIJIANFANGSHUGUANG。KANGDEZHILIUYIJIXIANGWANGKAIPULAER（Kepler）、NAIDUAN（Newton）QIRENZHEDANSHENGYUSHIXUEJIE，ERQIQIFAJIANYIZHONGLISHIDEFAZE，RUYINLIFAZEZHERAN。JUEHOUMINGXIANDIEQI，RUKONGDAOXI，RUSANGXIMEN，RUWEIKE，RUKONGDE，RUMAKESI，JIEYINULIYIQIULISHIFAZEZHIFAJIANWEIJIRENERZHONGNENGYOUCHENG，JIHOUQIDELISHIXUE、SHEHUIXUEYUKEXUEZHILIE，JINGZAOCHENGXUESHUJIEYIDAWEIYE。JUEHOUDEGUO‘XINANXUEPAI’SUIJUEQIERWEIWENHUAKEXUEJILISHIXUEYUZIRANKEXUEDUILIDEYUNDONG，YIZHONGBUNENGHANYAOSHIXUEZAIKEXUEDEWEIZHI，ZHEIBUNENGBUGUIGONGYUMAKESIZHUZIDEWEIYELE。”[⑥]

LIDAZHAOZAI1924NIANDE《SHIXUEYAOLUN》ZHONGZHICHU: “MAKESISUOYIZHUZHANGYIJINGJIWEIZHONGXINKAOCHASHEHUIDEBIANGEDEYUANGU，YINWEIJINGJIGUANXINENGRUZIRANKEXUEFAJIANYINGUOLV。ZHEIYANGZISUIBALISHIXUETIDAOKEXUEDEDIWEI。”[⑦]LIDAZHAODELILUNCHENGWEIHOULAIJISHINIANZHONGMAKESIZHUYIXUEPAIDELILUNYUANZE。DANSHIYOUXIERENBAZHEIYIYUANZEJUEDUIHUA，JIDUANHUA，JIANGTADANGZUOPAICHIHEPIPANQITASHIXUELIUPAIDEYIGEQIANGDAWUQI。TAMENYIWEICHULEMAKESIZHUYISHIXUEWAI，LISHIXUEZHONGMEIYOURENHEXUEPAIHEXUESHUOSHIKEXUEDE。ZHEIJIUJIDADIBEILILELIDAZHAODECHUZHONG。

AG娱乐网ZAOQIDE“KEXUE”GAINIANYUXIANZAIBUTONG。AGYULEWANGJINRITIDAO“KEXUE”，SHOUXIANLIANXIANGDAODEDAGAISHISHULIHUAYILEIXUEKE，DANERSANSHINIANDAIRENMENGENGZHUZHONGDESHIKEXUEDE“JINGSHEN”YU“FANGFA”。ZAI20NIANDAIDE“KEXUEYURENSHENGGUAN”LUNZHANZHONG，GENBENFENQIZAIYUSHENMESHI“KEXUE”。HUSHIHEDINGWENJIANGDENGRENWEIKAOJUFANGFAJISHIKEXUEFANGFA。ZHANGDONGSUNBUTONGYI。TARENWEIHANXUEJIADEKAOJUFANGFABUNENGJIUSUANSHIKEXUEFANGFA。TACHENGRENHANXUEJIAYOUYIDIANKEXUEJINGSHEN，DANRENWEIBUNENGYIYIDIANDEXIANGTONG，JIUSHUOSHIWANQUANXIANGTONG。KEXUEZHUZHONGSHIYAN，KAOJUBUGUOZAIGUZHIDUIZHONGXUNSHENGHUOERYI。

AG娱乐网HUSHIDEKEXUEGUANSHOUXIANJIUSHIKEXUEDEJINGSHEN，ZHUYAOSHIHUAIYIYUPIPANJINGSHEN，QICISHIYANJIULISHIDEFANGFA: “ZUNZHONGSHISHI，ZUNZHONGZHENGJU”、“DADANJIASHE，XIAOXINQIUZHENG”。FUSINIANHEHUSHIYIYANG，DOUZHUZHANGANKEXUEDEYAOQIUAGYULEWANGZHONGGUOXIANDAISHIXUE。FUSINIANZHONGSHIYONGKEXUEDEFANGFAYANJIULISHI。TAZHICHU: “XIANDAIDELISHIXUEYANJIU，YIJINGCHENGLEYIGEGEZHONGKEXUEDEFANGFAZHIHUIJI。DIZHI、DILI、KAOGU、SHENGWU、QIXIANG、TIANWENDENGDENG，WUYIBUGONGJIYANJIULISHIWENTIZHEZHIGONGJU。GUTINGLINYANJIULISHISHIJISHIZIJIGUANCHADIXING，ZHEIYISISUIRANZHIHAO，DANRUGUOTANENGYOUAGYULEWANGXIANZAIKEYIXIANGXIYANGRENJIELAIDEYIQIEZIRANKEXUEDEGONGJU，CHENGJIQIBUGENGZHUOYUENI？RUOGANLISHIXUEDEWENTIFEIYOUZIRANKEXUEZHIZIZHUWUCONGXIASHOU，WUCONGJIEJUE。PIRUCHUNQIUJINGSHIBUSHIZHONGYUHUOLIN，ZUOSHIJINGHOUYIDUANSHIBUSHILIUXINSUOZAOBU，AGYULEWANGZHENGKEYISUANSUANAIGONGSHISINIANZHIRISHISHIBUSHIDUIDE，RUBUDUI，ZIRANSHIWEIZUO，RUDUILE，ZIRANSHIHEHUOLINQIANCHUNQIUWENTONGCHUSHISUOJI。YOUPIRUAGYULEWANGYAOJUEDIQU，MEIYOUKEXUEZIZHUDERENYICHANZIXIAQU，SUNHUAILEWUSHUGUSHIWU，QIEZHENGBUZHIJUEZHUNLEMEIYOU，RUGUOXIANYOUJIZHONGBIYAODEKEXUEDEXUNLIAN，KEYIYICENGYICENGDEZIRANFAXIAN，BUTEDEBAO，BINGQIEDEZHIDANGNIANRUTUDEZONGJI，ZHEIMEIMEIBISUODEWUGENGSHIZHONGDADEZHISHI。SUOYIGUSHIXUEXIANZAIZHIXUYONGCELIANGBENLINGJIDIZHIQIXIANGCHANGSHI，BINGBUSHAOYUHANGHAIJIA。”[⑧]

FUSINIANCHANGSHUOSHIXUEJIUSHISHILIAOXUE，ZHEIYEYIWEIZHESHIXUEJIUSHIKEXUE。TASHUO: “JINDAIDELISHIZHISHISHILIAOXUE，LIYONGZIRANKEXUEGONGJIAGYULEWANGDEYIQIEGONGJU，ZHENGLIYIQIEKEFENGZHEDESHILIAO，SUOYIJINDAISHIXUESUODADAODEFANYU，ZIDIZHIXUEYIZHIMUXIADEXINWENZHI，ERSHIXUEWAIDEDAERWENLUN，ZHENGSHILISHIFANGFAZHIDACHENG。”[⑨]

AG娱乐网ERSHISHIJIDELIANGDASHIXUELIUPAIDOUZHUZHANGLISHIXUESHIKEXUE。XUGUANSANZHICHU: “SHIGUANPAIYUSHILIAOXUEPAI，CONGBIAOMIANKANMAOSINANBEILIANGJI，SHIZEJUNYINGUORENDEKEXUEMILIANERXING，BINGQIYI‘KEXUEDESHIXUE’XIANGBIAOBANG。”[⑩]SUIDOUBIAOBANGKEXUE，DANLIANGPAIDUIKEXUEDELIJIEBUTONG。SHILIAOPAIRENWEI，KEXUEZHIWEIKEXUE，BUZAIDUIXIANG，ERZAIFANGFA。YONGKEXUEDEFANGFA（GUINAYANYI）YANJIULISHICAILIAO，LISHIXUEJIUHEDIZHIXUE、SHENGWUXUEYIYANG，YESHIKEXUE。SHILIAOXUEPAIJIESHOUDEKEXUEFANGFADEQIANTISHIKEXUEJINGSHENHEKEXUETAIDU。KEXUEJINGSHENZAIYUXUNQIUZHENLI，KEXUETAIDUZAIYUPIEKAICHENGJIANHEGANQING，ZHIGENZHEZHENGJUZOU。WEIWUSHIGUANPAIZERENWEI，LISHIXUECHENGWEIKEXUEDEGUANJIANZAIYUNENGFOUCONGDUIXIANGZHONGFAXIAN“GUILV”。ERYAOFAXIANGUILV，BIXUSHIYONGKEXUEDELILUN，JIWEIWUSHIGUAN。TAMENQIANGDIAO，ZHIYOUWEIWUSHIGUANSHIWEIYIKEXUEDELILUN，ZHIYOUWEIWUSHIGUANCAINENGFAXIANRENLEISHEHUIFAZHANDEGUILV。TIANCHANGWUDEHUAGAIKUOLEMAKESIZHUYIXUEPAIDEZHUDAOSIXIANG。TASHUO: “ZHIYOUMAKESIZHUYILISHIXUESHIYANJIULISHIGUILVDE。ZHEISHIMAKESIZHUYILISHIXUEHEQITAGEZHONGLISHIXUE、BAOKUOZHONGGUOCHUANTONGSHIXUEDEGENBENQUBIESUOZAI。SUOYI，ZHIYOUMAKESIZHUYILISHIXUECAINENGBALISHIYANJIUSHANGSHENGDAOKEXUEDEGAODU，JIANLIKEXUEDELISHIXUE。SHENMESHIKEXUE？KEXUESHIDUISHIWUGUILVDERENSHITIXI。QUEFAGUILVXINGDEZHISHIDUIJI，SHIBUCHENGQIWEIKEXUEDE。”[11]

JIANGDACHUNDUICIYOUZHEDUTEDEJIANJIE。TASHUO: “GUOQURENMENCHANGSHUO，YOUYUWEIWUSHIGUANDEFAXIAN，LISHIXUEZHENZHENGDIFAZHANCHENGWEIYIMENKEXUE。SUIRANYIBANSHUOLAI，ZHEIGETIFAYENENGCHENGLI。DANAGYULEWANGRENWEI，YINGDANGXIJIAZHENZHUO，SHIZHEIGETIFAGENGQUJINGQUE，FANGNENGSHIWEIWUSHIGUANDUILISHIYANJIUQIDAOGENGJIAQIESHIYOUXIAODEZHIDAOZUOYONG。”TAZHICHU，WEIWUSHIGUANHELISHIKEXUEYANJIUDEFANGFAHEJIAODUBUTONG。QIANZHECONGCHOUXIANGDEJIAODU，YANJIUSHEHUIGEZHONGYINSUXIANGHUGUANXIJIQIFAZHANDEZUIYIBANGUILV，SHUYUZHEXUEDEFANWEI。ERHOUZHECONGJUTIDEJIAODU，ANZHAOSHIJIANSHUNXUMIAOSHURENMENDESHIJIANHUODONGHESHIJIFAZHANGUOCHENG，SHUYUSHIZHENGKEXUEDEFANWEI。ZHEILIANGZHESHIBUTONGFANCHOUDEZHISHIXINGTAI。“WEIWUSHIGUANDEFAXIAN，BINGBUNENGSHILISHIXUEZIRANERRANDIBIANCHENGKEXUE，ERZHISHIJILISHIXUEFAZHANCHENGWEIKEXUETIGONGLESHIJIDEKENENGXING。”[12]

JINNIANLAIDUILISHIXUEKEXUEXINGBIAOZHUNRENGYOUZHENGYI: YOURENRENWEILISHIXUEDEKEXUEXINGZAIYUZHENSHIXING，ZHEYANDIANZHUYAOSHILISHIXUEDEKETI。YOURENFANDUIZHEIZHONGGUANDIAN，TICHULISHIXUEDEKEXUEXINGZAIYURENSHIDEKEXUEXING，QIANGDIAODESHILISHIXUEDEZHUTI。

杨向群认为: “历史研究科学性的最大特点是真实性，即对历史真实的揭示。历史学家所作的工作，实际上都是了解和说明历史真相的工作，对于史料和史实的研究如此，探讨历史规律亦如此。”[13]对此，宋月华提出不同的观点。他在《聊城师范学院学报》1999年第2期发表《试论历史学的科学性与真实性问题》， 指出，长期以来，强调科学性等同于真实性，实际上变成了一种教条主义的守护神。历史研究当然需要科学性，但科学性决不等同于真实性。历史学是一种主、客观相结合的产物，追求绝对客观的历史，不仅是做不到的，也是不可能的。同时历史作为以往的运动变化过程，一去不复返，它到底是什么样，很难看清。把历史学科学性等同于真实性的背景是经典物理学的产物。现代科学已打破了机械决定论的幻想。科学已丧失了那种AG娱乐网君临万物的无尚地位。AG娱乐网今天的史学研究也不应抱残守缺，纠缠于历史真不真实这一无法证实的命题不放。作者认为，历史学是一门人文科学。科学性的根本内容不在于事实本身，而在于该事实昭示的意义以及对它的客观解释。也就是说，历史学的科学性问题，首先指历史认识的科学性。求真只是史学的初级阶段，远远没有完成史学所应该完成的使命。AG娱乐网说历史学是科学，是指在唯物史观的指导下，对人类社会的运动变化过程能提供科学的认识和解释，同时又因为人类社会确实存在着不以人的意志为转移的普遍规律，所以，历史学不仅能够成为科学，而且本身也确实是科学的。

SAN、 “KEXUE”DELISHIXUEYUZIRANKEXUEDEGUANXI

AG娱乐网ZHUZHANGLISHIXUESHIKEXUEZHEYEYOUGUANDIANFENQI，YIXIERENBALISHIXUEYUZIRANKEXUETONGDENGKANDAI，LIRUFUSINIANJILIYAOBALISHIXUEJIANCHENGXIANGZIRANKEXUEYIYANGDEKEXUE。ERHEBINGSONGZEFANDUIZHEIZHONGTAIDU。FUSINIANSUOKANDESHIXUEDEXINGZHISHIHEZIRANKEXUEYIYANGDECHUNKEGUANDEKEXUE。TAJIANLILISHIYUYANYANJIUSUO，TICHU: YAOBAYUYANXUEYULISHIXUEJIANCHENGYU“KEXUE”TONGDENGDEXITONG。TAXUANBU: “YAOBALISHIXUEYUYANXUEAGYULEWANGDEHESHENGWUXUEDIZHIXUEDENGTONGYANG，NAISHIAGYULEWANGDETONGZHI。AGYULEWANGYAOKEXUEDEDONGFANGXUEZHIZHENGTONGZAIZHONGGUO!”[14]

AG娱乐网FUSINIANHUYUYAOJIANGLISHIXUEYUYANXUETISHENGDAOYUSHENGWUXUE、DIZHIXUETONGDENGDEDIWEI，ZHEIZHONGSIXIANGYUWUSISHIDAIRENMENDUI“KEXUEZHUYI”DECHONGBAIYOUGUAN。HEBINGSONGZEPIPINGZHEIZHONGQINGXIANG。TARENWEI，WUSIQIANHOU，XUDUORENMIANDUICHUXIANZAISHIXUEJIEDE“OUFENGMEIYU”，YOUJIBUXIAZEZHITAI，BUFENZAOBAI，SHENGTUNHUOBO。TAYOUQIPIPANLENEIZHONGSHITUBALISHIXUEBIANWEICHUNCUIKEXUEDEZHUZHANG，RENWEIQITUJIANLIYUZIRANKEXUETONGYANGKEXUEDELISHIXUEZHIBUGUOSHIYIZHONG“MENGXIANG”。HEBINGSONGPIPINGSHIXUEJIEYIXIEREN“BUANSHIXUEZHIXINGZHIJIQIKUNNAN，WANGYUYIZIRANKEXUEZHIFANGFASHIZHUSHIXUE，YIQIURENLEIHUODONGZHIYINGUO。”TALIEJUZIRANKEXUEYULISHIXUEDEJIDIANBUTONG: YI、LIANGZHEYANJIUSHIDEGUANCHADIANBUTONG。ER、LISHISHISHIYUZIRANKEXUEYANJIUDESHISHIZAIXINGZHISHANGJIONGRANBUTONG。SAN、LIANGZHEDEFANGFABUTONG。HEBINGSONGLIEJUZHONGZHONGLIYOU，SHUOMINGLISHIXUECONGYANJIUNEIRONGDAOFANGFADOUYUZIRANKEXUENAIZHISHEHUIXUEYOUHENDACHAYI，JIELUNSHILISHIXUEDUANBUNENGTONGWULIXUE、HUAXUE、SHENGLIXUEHUORENLEIXUEYIYANG，CHENGWEIYIZHONGZHENZHENGDEKEXUE。HEBINGSONGSUIRANFANDUIBALISHIXUEYUZIRANKEXUETONGDENGKANDAI，DANBINGBUFANDUILISHIXUEZUOWEIYIMENKEXUE。TARENWEI: “SUOWEIKEXUE，NAIYOUTIAOLIZHIZHISHIZHIWEI。SHIXUEZHIGUANCHADIANJIFANGFA，SUIYUQITAKEXUEBUTONG，RANQIWEIYOUTIAOLIZHIZHISHI，ZECHUWUERZHI。ERSHIXUEZHIZHIQIEQIUZHEN，YIZHENGYUQITAKEXUEZHIJINGSHENWUYI。GUSHIXUEBENSHEN，SUIYUANJIAOQITAKEXUEWEIBUBEI，ZHONGBUSHIQIWEIKEXUEZHIYIZHONGYE。”[15]

ERSHISHIJISHANGBANYE，CHUFUSINIANWAI，YOUBUSHAOXUEZHEBALISHIXUEYUZIRANKEXUEDENGTONG。TAMENCONGGEFANGMIANLUNZHENGZHEIYIZHUZHANG。LIZEGANGZAI《SHIXUETONGLUN》（1935NIAN）ZHONGZHICHU，CONGKEXUEDETEZHENGKAOCHA，ZIRANKEXUEDETEZHENGSHIKEGUANDE，LISHIXUEYESHIRUCI，WULUNSHISHIHUOSHILIAO，DOUSHIKEGUANDE。ZIRANKEXUEDETEZHENGWEIBIRANXING，LISHIFAZHANYEYOUBIRANXING。ERQIELIANGZHEDOUYOUYINGUOXING。YOUCIKEJIAN，ZIRANKEXUEDETEZHENG，LISHIXUEYEDOUJUBEI。CONGYANJIUDEMUDEKAOCHA，ZIRANKEXUEDEMUDESHIQIUZHENLI，LISHIXUEYESHIRUCI。CONGKEXUEYANJIUDEFANGFAKAOCHA，YULISHIXUEDEFANGFABINGWUBUTONG，RUGUINA、YANYI、FENXI、TUILIDENGDENG。JIYUYISHANGLIYOU，LIZEGANGRENWEI，LISHIXUEDEKEXUEXING，YUZIRANKEXUEMEIYOUQUBIE。YANGHONGLIEZAI《SHIXUETONGLUN》（1939NIAN）ZHONGYEZHICHU，SHIXUEHEZIRANKEXUEZAICAILIAOSHANGHEFANGFASHANGMEIYOUJUEDUIDECHAYI，SUOYISHIXUEBUDANKEYICHENGWEIKEXUE，ERQIEHAISHI“XIAYIDEKEXUE”。

AG娱乐网LIDAZHAOYECHIZHEIZHONGZHUZHANG。TASHUO: “MAKESIHEJINRIDEYIPAILISHIJIA，JUNYISHEHUIBIANQIANWEILISHIXUEDEDUIMIANWENTI，YIYUQIJIANFAJIANYINGUOFAZEWEICIXUEMUDE。ERZHETONGYILISHIXUEWEIFAZEXUE。CIYOUXUEWENDEXINGZHISHANGJIANG，SHISHUOLISHIXUEYUZIRANKEXUEWUSUOCHAYI。CIZHONGJIANJIE，JIEJUSHIYIZIRANKEXUEWEIWEIYIDEKEXUE。ZIYOUMASHIDEWEIWUSHIGUAN，CAIBALISHIXUETIDAOYUZIRANKEXUETONGDENGDEDIWEI。CIDENGGONGJI，SHIWEISHIXUEJIEKAIYIXINJIYUAN。”[16]FANDUIZHEIZHONGZHUZHANGDEXUEZHEYEBUSHAO。LIRUZHUQIANZHIZAI《LISHIKEXUELUN》YIWENZHONGRENWEI，LISHIXUEZHISUOYICHENGWEIKEXUE，ZAIYUTATANQIUFAZE。BUGUOLISHIKEXUEDEFAZEYUZIRANKEXUEDEFAZEBUTONG: LISHIKEXUEDEFAZESHIDONGDE，ZIRANKEXUEDEFAZESHIJINGDE；LISHIFAZESHIXINLIDE，ZIRANFAZESHIWULIDE；LISHIFAZEZHUZHONGMUDE，ZIRANFAZEZHUZHONGYINGUO；ZIRANDEFAZESHIBIRANDE，ERLISHIFAZESHIYOUYURENMENDEYUWANGERCHENG。

SI、 LISHIXUELIANGZHONGXINGDEGUANDIAN

AG娱乐网⒈ LISHIXUEJISHIKEXUEYOUSHIYISHU

AG娱乐网YIXIERENRENWEILISHIXUEJUYOULIANGZHONGXING，JISHIKEXUE，YOUSHIYISHUHUOQITADONGXI。QIZHONG，RENWEILISHIXUEJISHIKEXUEYESHIYISHUDEZHANDUOSHU。LIUJIEZAI《LISHILUN》ZHONGZHICHU，LISHIXUESHIJIEYUKEXUEYUYISHUZHIJIANDEYIZHONGXUEWEN。ZHANGYINLINRENWEI，LISHIXUEJISHIKEXUEYESHIYISHU。TASHUO，JINYOUJINGQUEDEZILIAOBUCHENGWEISHI，JIJINGKEXUEDEZONGHE，YEBUCHENGWEISHI，YINWEIGANQINGSHENGMINGSHENCAI，YOUDAIYUZHIGUANDERENQUYUYISHUDEBIAOXIAN。[17]

ZHEIZHONGGUANDIANDEZHUYAODIANSHIRENWEILISHIXUEZAIXUNZHAOGUILVFANGMIANJUYOUKEXUEXING，ZAIBIAOXIANXINGSHISHANGYOUYISHUXING。SHIJISHANGLISHIXUEDESHUANGZHONGXINGJIUSHINEIRONGHEXINGSHIDEGUANXI。ZHUWEIBINZHICHU，19SHIJIYIQIANDESHIXUESHIJIANBIAOMINGLESHIXUEKEXUEHUAHEYISHUHUALIANGZHONGBUTONGDEXUEKEQINGXIANG。ZUOZHERENWEI，JIUXUEKEGEXINGERYANLISHIXUESHIYIMENKEXUE，ZUNXUNZHECONGSHISHIZHONGDECHUJIELUN，YINCHUGUILVDEYANJIUTUJING；JIUBIAOXIANXINGSHIERYAN，YISHUDUISHIXUEYOUZHONGDAYINGXIANG。[18]

AG娱乐网MAQIANGRENWEI，LISHIXUEZAITANTAORENLEISHEHUIFAZHANYANJINJIQILISHISHEHUINEIZAIGUANXIJIGUILVFANGMIAN，ZUOWEIYIMENKEXUESHICHENGLIDE。DANZAILISHIDEBIAOXIANXINGSHIJIQIJIAZHINEIHANFANGMIAN，LISHIBIAOXIANGENGDUODESHITADEYISHUXING，LISHIXUEDEZHONGJIYIYIYEZAITADESHENMEIJIAZHI。LIGUIHAIYETICHUZHEIZHONGGUANDIAN。[19]

HEZHAOWUSHUO，LISHIZHISHIYAOKAOZHIJUE，TIHUI，SUOYIYOUQIYISHUXINGDEYIMIAN、ZIRANKEXUEZHIXUYAOCHUNCUILIXING，ERLISHIXUEZEXUYAOXIANGXIANGLI。[20]HEZHAOWUDEZHUZHISIHUYUDADUOSHURENBUTONG。ZAITAKANLAI，LISHIXUEDEYISHUXINGBUJINBIAOXIANWEIXINGSHI，ERQIESHIZHONGYAODENEIRONG，SUOWEIXIANGXIANGLIQISHIJIUSHIRENSHILISHIDEYIZHONGFANGFA。

AG娱乐网⒉ LISHIXUEJISHIKEXUEYOUSHIZHEXUE

AG娱乐网HONGWEILIANRENWEI，XUEZHEDUIYUSHISHIYOUMIAOXIEHEJIESHIZHIZE，ZHUZHONGMIAOXIEDEXUEWENSHIKEXUE，ZHUZHONGJIESHIDEXUEWENSHIZHEXUE，ERLISHIXUEZEJIANYOUKEXUEYUZHEXUEERZHEDEXINGZHI。LISHIDEFANGFAFENLIANGBUFEN，QIJIANSUODEBUFENWANQUANSHIKEXUE，TONGJIEDEBUFENWANQUANSHIZHEXUE。DANKEXUEYUZHEXUEDOUSHICHAOSHIJIANDE，ERLISHIZHUZHONGSHIYUSHIJIANDEGUANXI，SUOYILISHIYUKEXUE、ZHEXUEYEYOUBUTONGZHIDIAN。[21] LIDONGFANGRENWEI，LISHIYOULIANGGEMUDE，YIWEIQIUZHENDESHISHI，ERWEIQIUSHISHIDELIJIE。QIUZHENSHILISHIKEXUE，QIULIJIESHILISHIZHEXUE。[22]

HEZHAOWUCENGZHUZHANGLISHIXUEJISHIKEXUE，YOUSHIYISHU，DANTAZHUYAOHAISHIZHUZHANGLISHIXUEJISHIKEXUE，YOUSHIZHEXUE。HEZHAOWURENWEI，LISHIXUEYOULIANGGECENGCI，DIYICENGCISHIKEXUEDE，DIERCENGCISHIZHEXUEDE（JUTILUNSHUJIANHOU）。

⒊ LISHIXUESHIKEXUEDEJIESHIXUE

AG娱乐网WANGXUEDIAN、SUNYANJIETICHUYUZHONGBUTONGDEXINJIANJIE。TAMENRENWEI，LISHIXUEJIBUSHISHILIAOKAODINGPAI“NAZHENGJULAI”DESHIZHENGKEXUE，YEBUSHISHIGUANPAITANQIUGUILVDEFAZEKEXUE。ZAITAMENKANLAI，LISHIXUEJIBUWANQUANSHIQIANZHE，YEBUWANQUANSHIHOUZHE，TASHIYIMENJIANYOUKEXUEHEJIESHIXUESHUANGZHONGSUZHIDEXUEWEN，GENGJINYIBUSHUO，LISHIXUESHIYIMENDAIYOUKEXUE（SHIZHENG）SHUXINGDEJIESHIXUE。LISHIXUEZHIYAOXIANGBAOCHIZIJIDEGUYOUXINGZHIJIUJUEBUKENENGBAZIJIHAIYUANWEIYIMENKEXUE。[23]

AG娱乐网WU、 FANDUILISHIXUESHIKEXUEDEGUANDIAN

DADUOSHUXUEZHERENWEILISHIXUESHIKEXUE，HUOBUFENDIJUYOUKEXUEXING，ZHIYOUSHAOSHURENFANDUI。ZHUYAOGUANDIANRUXIA:

⒈ LISHIXUESHIYISHU

JIANGYUNGANGZAI《LISHIYISHULUN》（1943NIAN）ZHONGZHICHU，LISHIMEIYOUSHENMEGUILVKEXUN，MEIYOULIYOUKEJIANG，XUDUOLISHISHISHIWUFAYONGKEXUELAIJIESHI。GUOQUDELISHI，KEKAOXINGTAISHAO，SUOYIKAOJUHESHIGUANDOUSHIYIPIANZHIJIAN。YINCI，LISHIBUSHIKEXUE，YEBUSHIZHEXUE，ZHISHIYIZHONGYISHU。TAJIBUSHIKAOJU，YEBUSHISHIGUAN，ERSHIYIGEYOUBIANJIDEXUANXIANG，JIUSHIYIQINGGANLAITAOLUNRENSHENG，RENSHIRENSHENG，TIYANRENSHENG。QINGGANSHIGUJINZHONGWAIWUCHAYIDE，SUOYILISHIBIANKEYIZAIZHEIGERENSHIZHIXIAXUANXIANG，TONGGUOXUANXIANGLISHIKEYIDADAOZHENSHANMEIDETONGYI。TAZHUZHANG，LISHIXUEJIAXIANYAOYOUYISHUDEXIUYANG，RANHOUKEYICHANSHENGYOUJIAZHIDELISHI。

AG娱乐网⒉ LISHIXUESHIYISHIXINGTAIBIAOYINGDEYIZHONGFANGFA

ZHANGZONGYINGRENWEI，LISHIBUNENGCHENGWEIKEXUE，TAWUSUOWEIYINGUO，YEMEIYOUDINGLV，SHENZHILISHIDEZHENXIANGYEWUCONGRENSHI。LISHIZHISHIDEJIAZHIBUZAIXUNQIUYINGUODINGLV，ERZAIYU“ZAICHUANGZAOXINLIXIANGHUOWEICHIJIUZUZHIRENHEYIXIANGQITUZHONG，CHANGBEIYONGZUOYOULIDESHUOFUGONGJU”。“XIANMINGDESHIYISHIXINGTAIDEBIAOYINGDEYIZHONGFANGFA。”[24] TASHIJISHANGSHISHUO，LISHIXUESHIZHENGZHIXUANCHUANDEGONGJU。

⒊ LISHIZHISHILISHI

JINZHAOZIRENWEI，LISHIXUEGUBUSHIZHEXUE，BUSHIWENXUE，DANYEWEIBISHIKEXUE。KEXUESHICHUNKEGUANDE，LISHIQUEMIANBULEZHUGUANDEXUANZEZUOYONG。LISHISHIYIQIEXUEWENDEZONGHE，SUOYISHUO，LISHIZHISHILISHI。[25]

LIU、 DUIWEIKEXUEZHUYIDEPIPINGYUFANSI

AG娱乐网DATILAISHUO，RENWEILISHIXUESHIKEXUEDEGUANDIANZHANGQIZHANZHUDAODIWEI，RANERDUIKEXUEZHUYIDECHONGBAIYECENGSHOUDAOCHONGJI。ZAIERSHINIANDAI，LIANGQICHAOCONGOUZHANHOUDEOUZHOUGUIGUOHOU，DALIPENGJI“KEXUEWANNENGLUN”。TARENWEIKEXUEDAILAIDEGAODUWUZHIWENMINGBINGMEIYOUJIRENLEIDAILAIHEPINGHEXINGFU，FANERDAILAILEZAINAN。TAZHUZHANGYAOYIZHONGGUODEJINGSHENWENMINGZHENGJIUXIFANGDEBIBING。LIANGQICHAOYOUCIPAOQILEGUOQUDUIKEXUEDECHONGBAI，ERDUILISHIXUEDEKEXUEXINGTICHUYIWEN。RANERZAIJIANGUOHOUDEQIANJISHINIANLI，MEIYOURENGANYUDUILISHIXUEDEKEXUEXINGTICHUZHIYI，BUJINBUKENENGCHUXIANXIANGSHANGSHIJIQIANBANYEDENEIZHONGGONGRANFANDUILISHIXUESHIKEXUEDEGUANDIAN，JISHISHIZHUZHANGLISHIXUEJUYOULIANGZHONGXINGYESHILIJINGPANDAODE。ZHIDAOGAIGEKAIFANGHOU，SUIZHESIXIANGJIEFANG，JINQUBEIDAPO，CAIYOUXUEZHEDUIMANGMUDEKEXUECHONGBAIQINGXIANGTICHUPIPING。

AG娱乐网ZHAOJIHUIZHICHU，CONGJINJISHINIANZHONGGUOSHIXUEJIADEGUANNIANYANBIANLAIKAN，KEXUEZHUYIHEJIAOTIAOZHUYISHIYINGXIANGLISHIRENSHILUNSHENRUYANJIUDEZHUYAOSIXIANGZHANGAI。BIAOXIANZAIJIGEFANGMIAN: YI、BASHIXUEZHUTIJIHUCONGLISHIRENSHILINGYUPAICHUCHUQU，RENWEILISHIYANJIUJIUSHI“YUANYUANBENBENDEHUIFULISHIDEBENLAIMIANMU”，CONGERDANHUALELISHIZHEXUETEBIESHILISHIRENSHILUNDEYANJIU。ER、ZAITANTAOLISHIGUILVWENTISHANG，CHANSHENGLEYANZHONGDEJIAOTIAOZHUYIHEWEIYIZHILUNQINGXIANG，RENWEIRENHEMINZU、RENHEDIQUDOUHAOBULIWAIDIJINGLIWUZHONGSHENGCHANFANGSHI，FOUDINGLELISHIFAZHANDETESHUXING。SAN、BAWEIWUSHIGUANJIANDANHUA，RENWEIWEIWUSHIGUANSHIDANGJINZUIKEXUEDELISHIGUAN，YINERZAI50—70NIANDAIBUDANZHONGZHILEDUISHIXUELILUNDEYANJIU，HAIBAYIQIEXIFANGSHIXUESIXIANGDOUSHIWEI“FANDONGSIXIANG”JIAYIPIPAN，YEZHONGZHILEDUIXIFANGSHIXUERENSHILUNZUIXINCHENGGUODEYINJINHEYANJIU，JIEGUOSHIGENGJIAZHUZHANGLEKEXUEZHUYI、JIAOTIAOZHUYIDESIXIANGYINGXIANG。[26]

LEIGEPIPINGDAO，DANGDAILISHIXUEJIADUILISHIGUANMANGMUCHONGBAI。TAMENTIANZHENDIXIANGXINYOULE“KEXUE”DELISHIGUANJIUDENGYUYOULE“KEXUE”DELISHIXUE。YUSHI，JIHUSUOYOUDESHIJIADOUSHEBENQIUMODIQUZHUIZHULISHIGUANERPAOQILISHIXUE。ZHEIYANG，YIZHONGJINHUGUAIDANDEXIANXIANGBIANCHANSHENGLE: ZUOWEILISHIXUEJIA，TAMENBUQUYANJIULISHI，QUEZAINEILIZHENGTIANGAOHANLISHIGUAN，SONGJINGBANDIXUANCHUANLISHIGUANDEZHIYANPIANYU，ZUIHOU，JINYIBUYONGLISHIGUANDAITILELISHIXUEBENSHEN。[27]

HAIYOUXIEXUEZHEBUSHICONGZHENGMIANTICHUPIPING，ERSHIBAQIANGDIAOLISHIXUEDELIANGZHONGXING，YOUQISHIKEXUEXINGZHIWAIDEDONGXIZUOWEIJIUZHENGWEIKEXUEZHUYIDESHOUDUAN。ZHANGYINLINTICHULISHIXUESHIKEXUEYESHIYISHU，JIUSHIYINWEIJINDAIZHONGGUOSHIXUEQIANGLIEKEXUEHUADEQUXIANGSHITASHENGANYOUZHONGTISHIXUERENWENXINGDEBIYAO。XINSHIQIYIXIEXUEZHEQIANGDIAOKEXUEXINGZHIWAIDEDONGXI，YOUYIZHONG“BOLUANFANZHENG”DEYIWEI，MUDESHIJIUZHENGYIWANGNEIZHONGDUIMAKESIZHUYILISHIXUEMANGMUCHONGBAIDEQINGXIANG。YUZHANGYINLINDENGRENWEIFANDUIKEXUEMIXINERQIANGDIAOLISHIXUEYISHUXINGYOUMOUZHONGXIANGSIZHICHU。LIGUIHAIZAI《LISHIXUEJISHIKEXUEYESHIYISHU》ZHONGSHUO，ZAIZHONGGUOSHIXUEJIE，JIEFANGYIHOUSIHUYIXINGCHENGYIZHIDEKANFA，NEIJIUSHIRENWEITASHIYIMENYANJINDEKEXUE，JUEDUIBUNENGYUYISHUZHANBIAN，FOUZEJIUHUIYINGXIANGTADESHENSHENGZHIZE。ZHEIZHONGKANFACHANSHENGLEYIXIEXIAOJIDEFUMIANZUOYONG。XIANZAILISHIXUEZAIFAZHANZHONGYUDAOKUNNANHEWENTI，TADEWEIJIHEKUNJING，DOUYUZHEIZHONGKANFAYOUMIQIEDEGUANXI。LISHIXUEWEILEZOUCHUDIGU，JIUBIXUGAIBIANDUILISHIXUEDEKANFA，DUILISHIXUEDEDINGYIZHONGXINJIAYIJIEDING。TARENWEI，LISHIXUERUGUOYESHIYIMENYISHU，DUILISHIXUEJIASHIYIZHONGSIXIANGJIEFANG，SHILISHIXUEJIACONGGUIFANDEKUANGZIZHONGJIETUOCHULAI。KEJIAN，RUGUOBALISHIXUEDANGCHENGYIMENYISHULAIKAN，BIRANHUIJILISHIXUEDEYANJIUDAILAIFEIYUE。

90NIANDAI，HEZHAOWUHEPANGZHUOHENGLIANGWEIXUEZHEZHIJIANDEYICHANGZHENGLUNSUIRANGUIMOBUSUANDA，QUEHENYOUYIYI。TASHIZHENZHENGJINRUDAOLISHIRENSHILUNSHENCENGDEYICITAOLUN。HEZHAOWUZAI《SHIXUELILUNYANJIU》1996NIANDI2QIFABIAO《DUILISHIXUEDERUOGANFANSI》。TARENWEI，LISHIXUESHIYIZHONGRENWENZHISHI，ERBUSHIZIRANKEXUEYIYISHANGDENEIZHONGKEXUE。ZUOWEIXUESHU（ZHISHI）HUOKEXUE，LIANGZHEYOUQIGONGTONGDEKEXUEGUIFAN、JILVHUOZHUNZE；DANZUOWEIBUTONGDEZHISHIHUOXUEKE，LISHIXUEDEXINGZHIBIANYOUBIEYUZIRANKEXUENEIZHONGYIYISHANGDEKEXUEDEXINGZHI。LISHIXIANXIANGHEZIRANXIANXIANGYIYANG，SHIKEGUANCUNZAI，DANDUIYULISHIXIANXIANGDERENSHI、LIJIEHEBIAODA（ZHEISHILISHIXUE），ZESHILISHIXUEJIAXINLINGLAODONG（HUOHUODONG）DEJIEGUO，SHIYAOQUJUEYULISHIXUEJIADERENSHENGTIYANDE。LISHIJUYOULIANGZHONGXING，YIFANGMIANTASHIZIRANSHIJIEDEYIBUFEN，YAOSHOUZIRANJIEDEBIRANLVSUOZHIPEI；LINGYIFANGMIANTAYOUSHIRENDECHUANGZAO，SHIBUSHOUZIRANLVSUOZHIPEIDE。YINCI，LISHIXUEJIUBAOKUOYOULIANGGECENGCI，DIYIGECENGCISHIDUISHISHIDERENZHI，DIERGECENGCISHIDUIDIYIGECENGCISUORENDINGDESHISHIDELIJIEHEQUANSHI。DIYIGECENGCISHUYUZIRANSHIJIE，TASHIKEXUEDE；DIERGECENGCISHUYURENWENSHIJIE，TASHIRENWENDE。LISHIXUEZHICHENGQIWEILISHIXUE，QUANSHIDIERGECENGCIFUJITAYISHENGMING。DIERGECENGCIBAOHANLIANGGEBUFEN，JILIXINGSIWEIHETIYANNENGLI，LIANGZHEDEZONGHEJIUCHENGWEILISHILIXING。LIXINGSIWEISHISHILISHIXUERENTONGYUKEXUEDEDONGXI；TIYANNENGLISHISHILISHIXUEYOUBIEYUKEXUEDEDONGXI。WENZHANGQIANGDIAOZHICHU，TONGCHANGDEKANFAZONGYIWEISUOWEILISHIXUEJIUSHILISHIXUEⅠ，ERBUZHIDAOLISHIXUEZHICHENGWEILISHIXUE，QIGUANJIANNAIZAIYULISHIXUEⅡ，ERBUZAIYULISHIXUEⅠ。LISHIXUEⅠSHIKEXUE，LISHIXUEⅡSHIZHEXUE。LISHIXUEJIADEZHEXUESIXIANGYUANBISHILIAODEJILEIGENGWEIZHONGYAODEDUO。SHILIAOXUEBUSHILISHIXUE，YEBUNENGXIANCHENGDIJICHULISHIXUE。

ZUOZHEHAIZHICHU: “LISHIXUESHIKEXUEMA？DAGAIZHEIGEWENTIZAIHENDUORENKANLAIHUIXIANDESHIDUOYUDE。YINWEIDUONIANYILAIRENMENYIJINGXINGCHENGLEYIZHONGGENSHENDIGUDESIWEIDINGSHI，YEXUKEYICHENGZHIWEIWEIKEXUEGUANDIAN，JIYIQIEDOUYINGGAIYIKEXUEXINGWEIQIWEIYIDEZHUNZE，YIQIELUNDUANDOUXUCONGKEXUECHUFA，BINGQIEYIKEXUEWEIWEIYIDEGUISU。ZHIYAOYIDANBEIXUANBUWEI‘BUKEXUE’，ZHEITIAOZUIZHUANGJIUZUYIBAYIQIELILUNDAFANZAIDI，YONGSHIBUDEFANSHEN。LISHIXUEFANGFOLISUODANGRANDIYINGGAISHIKEXUE。WANQUANERYOUCHEDIDI（ZHENGYOURUBOLISUOSHENGCHENGDE‘LISHIXUESHIKEXUE，BUDUOYEBUSHAO’）”ZUOZHEHAIPIPINGSHUO: “YOUXIESHIJIASUIRANHAOCHENGGAOPANLISHIXUEDEKEXUEXINGZHEIMIANQIZHIQUEMEIYOURENZHENCHAOZHEKEXUEXINGDEFANGXIANGMAIBU。”

AG娱乐网ZUOZHEZAILINGYIPIANWENZHANG《LISHIXUELIANGZHONGXINGPIANLUN》（《SHIXUELILUNYANJIU》1998NIANDI1 QI）ZHONGYETICHULEXIANGTONGDEPIPING。TASHUO，17—19SHIJI，YOUYUKEXUEQUDEJUDADECHENGGONGJIQISHENYUANDEYINGXIANG，KEXUESIHUSHENRULERENMENSHENGHUODEMEIYIGEXIBAO，YIQIESIHUDOUYAOYIKEXUEWEIWEIYIDEZHUNZEHEGUISU。ZHIDAO19SHIJIMOYEFASHENGLELINGYICIGEMING，RENMENDEGUANNIANCAIKAISHIZHUANBIAN。ZAIZHONGSHIJI，KEXUECENGJINGSHISHENXUEDEBINV，DAOLEJINDAI，QINGXINGSIHUDIANDAOLEGUOLAI，RENMENYIQIESIXIANGHUODONGDOUYINGGAICHENGWEIKEXUEDENUBI，DOUYAOYIKEXUEWEIZUIGAOTONGZHIZHE；——ZHEILIMIANTONGYANGBAOHANZHEDUISIXIANG、DUIRENXINGDEYIZHONGNIUQU，JIYAOBARENSHENGDEQUANBUZHIYUKEXUEDEJUEDUIQUANWEIZHIXIA。SHIJIESHANGMEIYOUJUEDUIDEQUANWEI。ZHENGSHIZHENDUIZHEIZHONGJUEDUIQUANWEIDEZHUANHENGBAHUHUOZHESHUOKEXUEZHISHANGZHUYI，CONGSHANGGESHIJIMOJIUZAIGEGELINGYU（SHENZHIYEZAIKEXUEDELINGYU）CHUXIANLEKANGYIDESHENGYIN。DUIKEXUEDEZONGJIAOCHONGBAIBENSHENJIUSHIFANKEXUEDE。ZHENGDANGDELIXINGHEKEXUE，YEBIXUCHENGRENFEILIXINGHEFEIKEXUEDEYINSUZAIRENLEILISHIZHONGDEDIWEIHEZUOYONG。

庞卓恒《历史学是不是科学——与何兆武先生商榷》（《史学理论研究》1997年第3期）一文，针对何兆武提出的肯定历史学Ⅰ的科学性， 而把历史学Ⅱ排除于科学之外的观点提出不同的看法。他指出，历史学的科学性主要不是体现在历史学的第一个层面，即对史料的认定上，而是体现在第二个层面，即对史实的解释和理解上。其论据是，两个多世纪以来，“科学”一词的含义，无论在自然科学界或社会科学界，看来已渐趋一致，那就是把科学视为从特殊现象求出一般规律的学问或知识体系。反过来说，不能从特殊现象求出一般规律的学问或知识体系，就不能称为科学。马克思、恩格斯说过: “AG娱乐网仅仅知道一门唯一的科学，即历史科学。”唯物史观揭示的存在决定意识和经济基础决定上层建筑的原理，早已指出了科学的方向。唯物史观揭示了社会基本矛盾运动推动人类社会从低级向高级发展的普遍规律后，这一发现已经历了一个半世纪的考验，至今没有发现任何一桩历史事实足以否定这一历史发展的普遍规律。文章最后指出，强调所谓“人文学科”与科学不相容的“人文主义性质”，不仅是从马克思主义科学观的倒退，也是从当代学术的“社会科学化”方向倒退。“看来，庞文仍是坚持原有的观点，既主张历史学的科学性在于发现规律。

上一篇: 坚持历史学的科学性 下一篇: 二十世纪中国史学界对历史规律问题的探讨